You don't need carbon bags. This is to remove meds or discolouration. It's not an "every day" filter media.
You don't "have" to buy new media..... media is good for a very, very, very long time. You will replace the ceramic rings when they start disintegrating which might be never in your lifetime lol.
Just rinse, as you said, with hot water.
Sponges go on the bottom and you'll want to fill up the rest with ceramic rings. This is my personal preference and how I have my two renas setup. I don't think you have any ceramic rings though. Those other white media bags... I'm not sure what they are, but I think one is an ammonia remover (which is uselss after a certain period of time, so just toss it). The white and black spotted one (?) I don't know what it is but most likely useless as well. lol. I think it has something to do with nitrites but also is useless after a certain time. So just keep the sponges and buy ceramic media! Ceramic rings are very important. Oh and that filter floss can be tossed. A cheap filter floss is polyster fiber and I bought a huge bag for $5 at my local art store... it's the white fluffy stuff used to stuff teddy bears/pillows/etc. Not necessarily needed but it's an extra purifier on the water. I use a handful in my filters and replace it with clean floss every week during weekly w/c.
As for setting up there is a manual online and it looks like you have the book. Let's see if this works:
http://c2.f3images.com/IMD/UserManuals/AP7311.pdfI'll try to draw a diagram.
Edit: This is my amazing picture.

It really isn't complicated at all. Fit the output onto the left and the intake onto the right. Hook it up onto your tank. Once they are put in your tank push down the latch/lever on the top of the canister. You should hear it filling up with water. Leave it for a minute or two, then plug in the filter. The suction should start going after a couple of seconds. If it sounds like the motor is grinding, turn it off; there's not enough water. You might have to manually fill the intake tube or canister with water. Sometimes shaking the canister helps too, in getting the air out.